Der Hessische Landbote By Georg Buechner(In German Essays

Der Hessische Landbote By Georg Buechner(In German Essays Der Hessische Landbote By Georg Buechner(In German) Der hessische Landbote Der hessische Landbote ist eine politische Flugschrift, die zum Widerstand gegen die herrschenden Verhltnisse allerdings nicht zu konkreten Aktionen aufruft. Der hessische Staatsetat bildet das argumentatorische Grundgerst, indem die Einnahmen aus Steuern und sonstigen Abgaben (ber sechs Millionen Gulden) den Ausgaben gegenbergestellt werden. Die einzelnen Positionen (Ministerium des Innern, der Finanzen, Militr, Pensionen etc.) werden aufgefhrt und mit einem Kommentar versehen, der aufzeigt, wie die Gelder der Untertanen zu deren Unterdrckung und zur Bereicherung der oberen Schichten verwendet werden. Schlielich wird das zahlenmige Miverhltnis zwischen den Pressern und dem Volk (10.000 zu 700.000) unterstrichen. Das Flugblatt schliet mit einem allgemeinen, religis gefrbten Ruf nach Freiheit und Gerechtigkeit. Georg Bchner wollte sich damit gegen die Obrigkeit aussprechen, was jedoch dazu fhrte, dass er nach Strassburg fliehen musste.

Define Parameters in Computer Programming

Define Parameters in Computer Programming Parameters identify values that are passed into a function. For example, a function to add three numbers might have three parameters. A function has a name, and it can be called from other points of a program. When that happens, the information passed is called an argument. Modern programming languages typically allow functions to have several parameters. Function Parameters Each function parameter has a type followed by an identifier, and  each  parameter is separated from the next parameter by a comma. The parameters pass arguments to the function. When a program calls a function, all the parameters are variables. The value of each of the resulting arguments is copied into its matching parameter in a process call pass by value. The program uses parameters and returned values to create functions that take data as input, make a calculation with it and return the value to the caller. The Difference Between Functions and Arguments The terms parameter and argument are sometimes used interchangeably. However, parameter refers to the type and identifier, and arguments are the values passed to the function. In the following C example,  int a  and  int b  are parameters, while  5  and  3  are the arguments passed to the function. int addition (int a, int b){   int r;   rab;   return r;} int main (){   int z;   z addition (5,3);   cout The result is z;} Value of Using Parameters Parameters allow a function to perform tasks without knowing the specific input values ahead of time.Parameters are indispensable components of functions, which programmers use to divide their code into logical blocks.

Climate change proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Climate change proposal - Assignment Example Geological Survey (USGS), 2008). This information on sea-level rise (SLR) was likewise corroborated by authors Gillette and Hamilton (2011) whose article disclosed that â€Å"SLR is a major concern for populations living in low-lying coastal regions (about 25% of humans), because it will give rise to inundation (both temporary and permanent flooding), wetland loss, shoreline erosion, and saltwater intrusion into surface freshwater bodies and aquifers, and it will raise water tables† (p. 25). These authors likewise indicated that the number of people to be affected by a uniform one-meter rise in sea level is approximately 145,000,000, where more than 105 million would come from Asia; followed by Europe (approximately 20 million); Latin America, 18 million; Africa, 15 million; North America, 12 million; and Australia, about 5 million (Gillette & Hamilton, 2011). The sea-level rise assessment, shown in Figure 1 below, shows the impact of SLR in identified local areas. In this regard, given the significance of the issue, those people identified to be accurately affected by the SLR should be slowly relocated and resettled to higher areas and locations through integrated efforts of the government agencies. These efforts were deemed â€Å"extremely costly process that could have a negative effect on the economies of many countries† (Gillette & Hamilton, 2011, p. 30); but lives are universally acknowledged as of prime importance and therefore, strategic measures must be instituted at the earliest possible time. Source: USGS map locator— http://store.usgs.gov/b2c_usgs/usgs/ maplocator/%28ctype=areaDetails&xcm=r3standardpitrex_prd&carea=%24ROOT&layout=6_1_61_75&uiarea=2%29/.do; cited in Gillette & Hamilton, 2011, p. 30 Gillette, B., & Hamilton, C. (2011, March). Flooded! An Investigation of Sea-Level Rise in a Changing Climate. Retrieved May 26, 2012, from www.cresis.ku.edu:

A Place I Would Like to Live Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Place I Would Like to Live - Essay Example Moreover, its proximity to Marine waters gives it a great opportunity in demonstrating its cultural relativism in reference to its world attraction features. Â  In regard to language, the official modes of Communications are Finnish, Swedish and English. In fact, it is believed that both intentional communication and unintentional communication that might be present in personal communication must be based on national language to avoid any occurrence of cultural myopia since the country has different groups of immigrant and tens of thousands tourists who continually visit. As such, the education system in most institutions has incorporated mandatory courses in public communication and mass communication. According to the institution management, every youth and student require the basic knowledge on the process of communication that encodes a message through a given channel which is followed by decoding for the receiver with or without an anticipated feedback. Â  Consequently, I would love to arrive in Helsinki through one of the most talked about the airport in social media, Finish Airlines that has a direct connection with Heathrow International Airport. Some of my colleagues who have visited the place before insist that unlike other air transport companies, Finish Airlines has After Sales Services(ASS) which ensures that clients’ luggage is moved from the airport to the book–in services that have been pre-booked upon requests from clients. As soon as I have taken a rest from the long flight, I would like to begin my stay by visiting some of the renowned tourist sites such as National Museum of Finland, which has the highest number of the historical collection that dates back to the ancient times and some from the 21st Century.

The Two Men in Luther Essay Example for Free

The Two Men in Luther Essay Martin Luther, a Christian theologian stated in 1520 that, â€Å"A Christian man is the most free lord of all, and subject to none; a Christian man is the most dutiful servant of all, and subject to everyone†. Although at first glance, this statement appears to be a paradox. Through the understanding of Luther’s beliefs between the difference of spirituality and physicality, one can realize that this statement is not contradictory. The Catholic church believs that one needs spiritual purity, as well as the performance of Christian acts to achieve salvation. Martin Luther believed that preforming Christain deeds was godlike, but not a component of reaching salvation. In the sixteenth century, the Catholic Church believed that to achieve salvation, one must be spiritually pure, and preform a sufficient amount of good Christian acts. The concept exists to allow christains more time to preform these acts to ensure salvation. Martin Luther disagreed with the catholic church in that to reach all one has to do to reach salvation is to be spiritually pure by accepting the word of god. He felt that the Catholic Church took advantage of its followers by saying that giving money was a Christian act and that one could buy their way to heaven. Luther’s doctrines formulated a new breed a christains that believed in spirituality as the key to achieving salvation. This spiritual side of a christain was referred to as the inward man. The inward man could achieve salvation by accepting the word of god.

Essay --

Clive Staples Lewis (or Jack as he was known to his friends) was born in Belfast, Ireland, onNovember 29th 1898. His mother was Florence Augusta Lewis. His father was Albert James Lewis. He had an older brother, Warren Hamilton Lewis. When Clive was young his dog Jacksie was killed by a car, he decided that his name should be changed to Jacksie, but he was later called Jack. When Clive was seven, his family moved into his childhood home, in East Belfast. As a boy, Lewis was fascinated with anthropomorphic (considering animals, objects, etc., as having human qualities) animals. He became fascinated with stories that involved talking animals and he often wrote and illustrating his own animal stories. Clive loved reading, since back when he was a child there was no television, there wasn’t much else to do. Clive’s father's house was filled to the ceiling with books, he felt that finding a new book to read was as simple as â€Å"walking into a field and finding a new blade of grass†. "The New House is almost a major character in my story. I am the product of long corridors, empty sunlit rooms, upstair indoor silences, attics explored in solitude, distant noises of gurgling cisterns and pipes, and the noise of wind under the tiles. Also, of endless books." —Surprised by Joy (C. S. Lewis’ Biography) Clive was taught by private tutors before he was sent to the Wynyard School in Watford, Hertfordshire. Lewis's brother had enrolled at Wynyard School three years earlier. The school was closed soon after Clive joined, due to a lack of students to teach. After the Wynyard School closed, the headmaster Robert Capron was admitted into to a psychiatric hospital (I Searched this and was not able to find out why he was sent to a Psychiatric Hospital). ... ...rrounding cities into The Kilns. Clive tried to re-enter the military, he offered to instruct cadets, but his offer was refused. Clive married a woman named Joy Davidman in 1956, Joy was an American citizen that had once been an atheist and had converted to Christianity like him. Joy was soon after diagnosed with bone cancer, Joy died in 1960. Clive continued raising Joy’s two sons (from a previous marriage). In 1961, Clive was diagnosed with Nephritis (inflammation of the kidneys), the Nephritis was caused by a bad blood transfusion during World War One. On November 22nd, only one week before his 65th birthday, Lewis collapsed in his bedroom at 5:30 pm and died a few minutes later due to the end stages of kidney failure. There was almost no media coverage of Clive Staples Lewis’ death due to the fact that US President John F. Kennedy was assassinated that same day.

Philippine Cinema: a Review on ‘No Other Woman’

Philippine Cinema: A Review on ‘No Other Woman' written by Jessica Zafra By all accounts the Viva-Star Cinema production  No Other Woman  is a smash hit, and in show business there is no arguing with pots of money. We may assume from the box-office grosses that this is the sort of movie the Filipino audience wants to see. What exactly is this movie saying? 1. Character is unnecessary; all you need are stereotypes. In the traditional defence of marriage melodrama these are: 1. 1. The Handsome Husband 1. 1. 1. The Handsome Husband is so hot that he is literally bursting out of his clothes, which are at least one size too small for him so as to emphasize his well-developed pectoral muscles. 1. 1. 2. The Handsome Husband flirts outrageously with the customers who come to his store, but that’s all right because it sells furniture. 1. 1. 3. The Handsome Husband is devoted to his wife until a scheming slut throws herself at him. He cannot be blamed for succumbing because men are men and their brains are in their pants. 1. 1. 4. The Handsome Husband is only slightly less animated than the furniture he designs and sells. 1. 2. The Beautiful Wife 1. 2. 1. The Beautiful Wife could be the sexiest woman in the archipelago, but now that she’s married she must suppress her sexuality in shapeless clothes and pale make-up. 1. 2. 2. The Beautiful Wife cooks nutritious meals for her husband and personally supervises his laundry. 1. 2. 3. The Beautiful Wife consoles her husband by having sex with him every time her domineering father makes disparaging remarks about his professional prospects. . 2. 4. The Beautiful Wife, being inexperienced in the ways of the world, confuses seduction with arson. 1. 2. 5. The Beautiful Wife is a good girl, hence she does not wear mascara and she has long, straight black hair that she wears in a ponytail. 1. 3. The Sexy Mistress 1. 3. 1. The Sexy Mistress has lived in New York, ergo she is â€Å"liberated†, which in the Philippines is a synonym for â€Å"promiscuous†. 1. 3. 2. The Sexy Mistress speaks a strange, over-enunciated English and begins each sentence with an arch laugh (Ah-ha-ha! . And she smokes. 1. 3. 3. The Sexy Mistress is a bad girl, hence she wears copious amounts of mascara and has long, dramatically wavy hair. 1. 3. 4. The Sexy Mistress does not cook. 1. 3. 5. The Sexy Mistress likes to taste forbidden pleasures, so she eats seafood she is allergic to, which is just daft. 2. All fathers are mean and horrible, hence responsible for your issues. 2. 1. The Handsome Husband’s father is a philanderer, embezzler and failed businessman, so The Handsome Husband will also be all of the above. 2. 2. The Beautiful Wife’s father is a tacky philanderer, so The Beautiful Wife will marry same. 2. 3. The Sexy Mistress’s father is domineering and arrogant, so The Sexy Mistress refuses to commit to a relationship until she meets someone who really can’t commit because he’s already married. 3. Women should humiliate themselves for their men. 3. 1. They should engage in public bitch fights in which handbags become metaphors for the man they are fighting over. 3. 2. They should invite each other to dinner and threaten to kill the bitch who is boinking their husband. . 3. If thinly veiled verbal aggression does not suffice, they should have a brawl in a public place. 3. 4. It does not occur to them that the person connected to the penis is also responsible for their troubles. 4. Nothing solves a domestic problem like a near-fatal accident. 4. 1. The cheating husband endures excruciating physical torment as a substitute for castration. 4. 2. The suffering wife has to forgive her husband because the thought of living without him is more than she could bear, and she’s forgotten that she left him. 4. 3. The scheming mistress is jolted back to her senses. 5. The moral of the story is, Thou shalt not commit adultery. 5. 1. The cheating husband crawls back to his wife, who doesn’t seem particularly enamored of him but is compelled to defend their marriage. 5. 2. The wife always wins because there is no alternative. It’s not as if she could ditch her unfaithful spouse—there is no divorce in the Philippines (Well, technically). 5. 3. The mistress goes back to New York, where all the bad girls are supposed to go, which makes you wonder who won exactly

Land Law Notes Essay

Land includes land of any tenure, and mines and minerals, whether or not held apart from the surface, buildings or parts of buildings (whether the division is horizontal, vertical or made in any other way) and other corporeal hereditaments; also a manor, an advowson, and a rent and other incorporeal hereditaments, and an easement, right, privilege, or benefit in, over, or derived from the land Law of Property Act 1925 s.62 A conveyance of land shall be deemed to include and shall by virtue of this Act operate to convey, with the land, all buildings, erections, fixtures, commons, hedges, ditches, fences, ways, waters, water-courses, liberties privileges, easements, rights, and advantages whatsoever, appertaining or reputed to appertain to the land, or any part thereof, or, at the time of conveyance, demised, occupied, or enjoyed with, or reputed or known as part or parcel of or appurtenant to the land or any part thereof. ‘He who owns the land owns everything up to the sky and down to the depths’ Unrealistic in modern times – pipes underground, aircraft above etc. Bernstein v Skyviews & General Ltd 1978 QB: Establishes that a landowner doesn’t have unqualified rights over the airspace of his land. Fixtures and Fittings Law of Property Act 1926 s.62 ‘Whatever is fixed to the land becomes part of the land’ Holland v Hodgson 1872 LR 7CP 328: Looms were fixtures as they were attached to the floor by nails, not just their own weight. If an article is annexed to the land by something more than its own weight, it’s a fixture, therefore part of the land. Elitestone v Morris 1997: Bungalow couldn’t be removed without its destruction. An objective test to determine whether the object was intended for the use or enjoyment of the land, or for the more convenient use of the object itself. General principle: whether an object is part of the land is determined by†¦ a) The physical degree of annexation Chelsea Yacht & Boat Co v Pope 2000 1WLR 1941: Boat on a river was a chattel not a fixture b) The purpose of the annexation: for better enjoyment of the land or for the better enjoyment of the chattel? Leigh v Taylor 1902 AC 157: These tapestries were works of art, but could be removed without causing structural damage. Therefore they were chattels not fixtures. Re Whaley 1908 1Ch 615: These tapestries were hung as to create the effect of an Elizabethan dwelling house, therefore they were fixtures. Relevance? Buyer: Taylor v Hamer 2002 EWCA Civ 1130: The Court decided that the flagstones were fixtures, and suggested that a seller is not allowed to remove fixtures without informing the buyer if there is a possibility that the buyer expects the fixtures to be included in the sale. Mortgage lender: Botham v TSB 1996 EGCS 149: The bank applied to the High Court to decide if certain everyday articles in the borrower’s flat were ‘fixtures’ and therefore were subject to the bank’s mortgage, so it could sell them as mortgagee. Taxation: Melluish v BMI 1996 AC 454 Landlord and tenant: A tenant has the right to remove ‘tenants fixtures and fittings’ at the end of the tenancy: Young v Dalgety 1987 1 EGLR 116: A better definition of a tenant’s fixture is any item which is properly legally identifiable as a fixture and which was installed and continues to be removable by the tenant, is a tenant’s fixture. Spyer v Phillipson 1929 2 Ch 183: So long as the chattel could be removed without doing irreparable damage to the demised premises, neither the method of attachment nor the degree of annexation, nor the quantum of damage that would be done either to the chattel itself or to the demised premises by the removal, had any bearing on the right of the tenant to remove it. Wessex Reserve Forces and Cadets Association v White 2005 EWHC 983: landlord’s intention here to ‘demolish’ the premises only led to its aspirations of regaining possession being ‘flattened’ when the court held that (objectively) the landlord’s (subjective) intention could not be implemented and that, in any event, the landlord would not require possession of the premises to carry out the proposed works. Ownership of things found on the land. Parker v British Airways Board 1982 QB 1004: court decided that the finder of a gold bracelet in a public area of British Airways was entitled to possess it against the whole world save the true owner. An occupier of a building has rights superior to those of a finder over chattels on or in, but not attached to, that building if, before the chattel is found, he has manifested an intention to exercise control over the building and the things which may be on or in it. Bridges v Hawkesworth 1851: The finder of a lost article is entitled to it as against all but the true owner. Waverley BC v Fletcher 1996 QB 334: owner or lawful possessor of land owned all that was in or attached to it. Local authority which owned a public open space had a right SUPERIOR to Finder to things found in the ground of that open space and was entitled to possess them against all but the rightful owner. Buried Treasure Treasure Act 1996 s.1(1) Defines what treasure is s.4(1) When treasure is found, it vests, subject to prior interest and rights†¦in the Crown†¦ s.8(1) A person who finds an object which he believes or has reasonable grounds for believing is treasure must notify the coroner for the district in which the object was found (within 14 days) s.8(3) Any person who fails to comply with subsection (1) is guilty of an offence†¦ s.10 Payment of rewards

Nhs Dentistry Review Essay Example

Nhs Dentistry Review Essay Example Nhs Dentistry Review Paper Nhs Dentistry Review Paper The purpose of this analysis is to identify the key findings in â€Å"NHS dental services in England – An independent review led by Professor Jimmy Steele†. The reasons for the commission of the report will be explained and the main findings will be compared with other sources. In 2009 Professor Jimmy Steele – practicing Dental consultant, researcher and the current head of the Dental institute at Newcastle University – led a review into National Health Service (NHS) Dental services in England. The aim of the review is to provide advice to the Government on how NHS dentistry could â€Å"become more accessible and efficient, be delivered to a higher quality and be more preventively focused†(1). Professor Steele and his review team did this by determining the problems in NHS dentistry, reviewing the core principles of the NHS and how they apply to dentistry and finally once there is a clear picture of NHS dentistry and its pros and cons from multiple viewpoints was obtained the review team were able to specify and recommend solutions as well as identify who would be responsible for delivering the changes. The research team began outlining the history of dentistry in the NHS. Prior to the birth of the National Health Service, in 1948, oral health in England was very poor and extraction was favored over treatment (2). Oral health is defined as a standard of health related to the oral and related tissues that allow the individual to eat, speak and socialize without discomfort or embarrassment (3). Patient charges were brought in after three years. Although oral health improved, one area seemed to stagnate and that was that the system focused on treatment rather than prevention. Patients were not taking â€Å"responsibility for their oral health†(4) or being advised to do so. The cited improvement in oral health in the UK is backed up by studies referenced in Dental Public Health – A Primer by Patel Patel. The percentage of edentulous (lacking teeth) adults declined from approximately 38% in 1968 to approximately 12% in 1998 (Kelly et al. , 2000; Gray et al. , 1970)(5). The 90’s saw an increase in private practice as Dentists saw a 7% cut in fees paid by the Government (6). At the time of the report, Dentists were able to decide how much NHS care vs. private care they offered, if they offered NHS care at all. Dentists were also able to pick and choose which treatments they offered via the NHS. As is with the whole of the NHS, Dental services can be controversial. There is diverse opinion in terms of what the public can expect from NHS dentistry and how much they should pay for it. Aside from prescription contribution most of the rest of the NHS is a free at the point of access service and there are many who feel that dental services should be the same. Another rising concern since the 90’s is access, as previously stated many dentists are turning towards private practice and away from the NHS. Access is deals with ease of availability and accessibility of dental services when required (7). Which? Consumer research group stated that 68% of those surveyed, during a parallel study, 90% of those were able to get an NHS dental appointment, however those who not able to were affected severely (8). Through quotes from the public and data from an external survey, the review suggests that the main concerns from the public are access, cost, transparency and quality dentist/patient relationship. Many dentists in the UK, as in many parts of the world, have a dual role as clinician and businessperson. The dentist has to balance good clinical decision-making and prescribing the best care plan with managing their business and meeting costs (9). Dentists are also often faced with what they feel is government bureaucracy and substandard commissioning of services. At the time of the review Dentists were re-numerated for NHS work through UDA’s or Unit of Dental Activity. Each treatment is assigned a value in UDA’s depending on the complexity of the treatment and the dentist is paid a varied amount per UDA depending their contract. The contract comes with a target number of UDA’s to be delivered in a 12-month period. A consequence of this system is that many dentists felt they were operating in a manner contrary to the reasons they entered dentistry in the first place. Dentists had become target driven, looking to meet their UDA target in the most efficient way possible in parallel with optimum patient care, two objectives that some felt were the antithesis of each other. For example same dentist can treat a patient for many years, but when that patient requires a more complex treatment that is not cost effective to the dentist, the patient can be turned away. The patient is then left to find another dentist is the area that will provide the necessary treatment via the NHS, with no clear system on how to do this and a presumably worsening discomfort or pain. Although care is taken to examine the views, needs and motivations for patients, dentists and the Primary Care Trusts (PCT) and Department of Health (DOH), this analysis will focus on the implications for the public and dentists. By highlighting the responsibilities to each other of the three groups, the review team were able to make recommendations on potential changes to the system. The findings and recommendations of this review are grouped according to the three invested and interested parties. Much of the recommendations in regards to what the patient should get centers around information. Multi-platform public information campaigns that support and educate patients to take responsibility for their own oral health and inclusion of oral health benefits in overall recommendations that include reducing alcohol intake and stopping smoking (10). The review also recommends national and local campaigns on â€Å"how to find a dentist and what to expect† when the patient gets there. Access itself features heavily in the recommendations, including emergency care, continuing care and complex care. The Which? report goes further in its recommendations to say that Dentists not taking on NHS patients should have a duty to direct patients to the PCT (11) for further direction to an alternative local NHS dentist. Patient charges is something that was always going to feature, according to the review patient charges underwent a severe simplification in 2006 from close to 400 fees to 3 cost bands for different treatments (12). The suggestion is that the simplification was too extreme and that any future review of the charging scheme should increase the cost bands to 10 and that they should align with the cost of the provision of the treatments and finally that patients should be incentivized to take good care of their oral health. Recommendations for changes in the contract between dentists and PCT’s look to shift dentists to be re-numerated based on activity, quality and continued care as opposed to just activity. There is also a clear suggestion that care providers, the clinic owners, should ultimately be responsible for quality of care as well as for quality of the treatment environment. The review is also careful to advise that any changes in the contract should be piloted before full rollout, as this was identified as lacking in previous changes. The public can only benefit from further education on and a greater investment in their own public health. Any education campaigns should be targeted heavily on the young in order to change the mindset of a generation with information being provided via appropriate media to affect all current and future dental patients. Patients would also benefit from a demystifying of the dental profession with more open communication from the dentists about the treatment they receive. A change in the dental contracts as recommended in the review should allow dentists to begin seeing their patients as individuals again and allow them to spend more time with their patients and ultimately bring more dentist back to the NHS, which in turn would improve access. A more engaged patient as a result of education would also let the dentist feel confident in prescribing long-term care plans rather than acute treatment. In conclusion NHS dentistry must balance the delivery of services to the public as and when they requires or desire it with a suitable incentive programme that drives dentists to deliver against these needs all whilst maintaining a reasonable cost to the patient and the PCT’s. The sources cited in this analysis agree that prevention should be prioritized over treatment, however this requires patient participation and engagement, which can be achieved with public information campaigns and more open dentist/patient relationships. NHS dentistry in England is a complex machine that requires slow and steady change with continued feedback from the public and dental professionals in order to continue to evolve and maintain high standards of care and become preventively focused. References 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 10 ,12. . 2013. . [ONLINE] Available at: blackcountry. nhs. uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/The-Steel-Review. pdf. [Accessed 08 May 2013]. 8, 11. . 2013. . [ONLINE] Available at: which. co. uk/documents/pdf/independent-review-of-nhs-dentistry-which-response-178905. pdf. [Accessed 14 May 2013]. 3. Meera Patel Nakul Patel, 2006. Dental Public Health. Edition. Radcliffe Publishing Ltd. p5 5. Patel Patel, p14 7. Patel Patel, p46

14 Life Hacks Youve Never Heard of That Can Be Used Every Day

14 Life Hacks Youve Never Heard of That Can Be Used Every Day Life hacks can be incredibly useful in helping us in our daily lives. Here are 14 life hacks you’ve never heard of but can apply to your everyday life. Source: [SlipTalk]

National Branding vs Private Label Branding Essay

National Branding vs Private Label Branding - Essay Example Usually, it is hard to know, without the aid of chemical analysis or other forms of tests, whether private brands match national brands. Uncertainty may occur due to many reasons. For example, a bread company produces many private-label breads. This however does not mean that private brands are of the same quality as the name (national) brand. The bread company may differ in its formula when producing private brands, and we should also consider that the private brands may not be as fresh as the national brands (Kis 10). Similarly, we can also look at the case of say the largest brewer of beer in your region under its own national label; can also be among the biggest supplier of private-label brand of beer. Many private-label brands of wines and spirits as you have witnessed are produced by well-known national-brand companies. Consumers are usually willing to pay more for national brands, because they are confident in their quality. This way they evade the risk of purchasing a low-qua lity product, which is usually a private label brand. Hence, if they can be convinced to try out cheaper brands and find out that their quality is similar to the national brand they are accustomed to, they may switch (Lincoln 23). In a Gallup Poll, it was discovered that about 80% of consumers who tried a product with a private-brand label like a store brand, instantly became regular buyers. Store-brand customers are typically well-informed people, who pay attention to the labels. The Gallup Poll also showed that many consumers make an effort to study the labels and prices. The Poll indicated that 40% of shoppers are selective: this means that they compare products on different dimensions considering the quality, price and special offers; therefore they do not just choose the national brand. Most national-brand products are known to be of a superior quality; therefore, they are usually sold for significantly higher prices than private labels. In June 1984, the Private Label Manufact uring Association conducted an independent research where they compiled a "Market Basket List" for 17 staple items. Private labels’ total cost was found to be lower compared to national brands. It was found that private-label shoppers generally pay less as compared to national brand shoppers. Private-label strength is highly susceptible to economic conditions and will vary depending is this factor. This means that private-label market shares goes up when the economic situation is not good and down when the economy is good (Mennen 23). The main reason for the existence of brand names is because consumers usually need to be sure of quality when they lack the time, opportunity, or ability to examine other options. Brand names simplify the selection process, since you will find that the products are cluttered. A survey by DDB Needham conducted in 1994 indicates that 60% of consumers prefer factors pertaining to national brands, for example, security, value and comfort, as opposed to private label brands. National brand-name goods have better competitive advantage over private labels, due to their solid foundation. They have a running start. The strongest national brands have been in existence for decades and have consistent quality. National brands have value for retailers, which mean that retailers must have them, since consumers expect to find them widely distributed. If consumers fail to find them, they are